How Life Gets Better While People Feel the Same

I’m pretty sure all of us are familiar with the cliche, â€Å"money can’t buy happiness. † In Gregg Easterbrook book The Progress Paradox he tries to understand why a small variances of this cliche is so. The paradox that underlies Easterbrook’s venture is that through out the last fifty years, things have improved in the United States and Europe, by all objective standards. All though during same time, surveys of happiness and satisfaction have not changed since the fifties.Easterbrook’s main question through out the book asking has the objective measures of the well being of man kind increased while overall satisfaction of people and happiness have remained constant? In the three beginning chapters of this book Easterbrook spends a lot of time looking at surveys depicting the various objective measures that show a pretty much steady increase of progress. I found these chapters entertaining to read because it brings to light a huge range of facts a nd statistics that add support to his idea that things are constantly improving.Easterbrook goes on about how the crime rate is falling, the state of the environment is improving, we are gaining intelligence, equality is increasing and economic situations have improved. Crime, both violent and property have been in decline for 20 years. Current crime rates are probably the lowest in the history of the country. The environment has been improving in every area except green house gases. We have the cleanest air since the beginning of the industrial revolution and the cleanest water since Man was a hunter and gatherer. n the statistics discussed, Easterbrook references a 1996 poll that resulted in 52% of the respondents saying the United States was worse now than when their parents were growing up and 60% said they expected their children to live in an even worse country. Only 15% of the respondents believed that overall national conditions were improving (Easterbrook, 2004). In 1997, 6 6% of Americans reported that they believed â€Å"the lot of the average person is getting worse† (Easterbrook, 2004). Easterbrook raises the question â€Å"How is this possible† with the dramatic increase in overall general progress.Along with discussing the statistics of the many surveys, Easterbrook also gives the reader possible reasons for the so-called paradox. One of the possible reasons he gives is â€Å"choice anxiety. † When looking back on the past a lot of people had very few options due to limited income and limited availability of goods and services. But Easterbrook fights that there is flip side to the stress that comes from having to many options, just like not having enough options can be stressful as well.With the constant increase in the range of goods and services available even the easiest choices can become stressful. Easterbrook states this because a consumer can never really be sure if they are making the correct decision causing stress a nd unhappiness. Another possible reason Easterbrook gives is â€Å"Abundance denial. † This means that no matter how much individuals actually have materially, they will never view them as being â€Å"well-off†, which is constantly making people unhappy and stress out. Easterbrook states that a most Americans think of only the rich as being â€Å"well-off. This brings me to my favorite statistic my favorite statistic: there have been around sixty billion people who ever lived, the 600 million who live in western democracies such as Europe, North America, Japan and Australia live better than anyone else in history (better housing, medical care, nutrition etc. )(Easterbrook, 2004). Since my standard of living is considered about average that means that I live better than 99. 5% of people who have ever lived. We are the one percenters, as far as the history of the world goes. Our current one percenters live better than 99. 9% of people, ever. One more possible reason is â€Å"collapse anxiety,† the widespread fear that the prosperity of the United States and Europe may come to an end due to an economic crash, environmental problems, terrorism or some other catastrophe. Even though individuals are better off that constant notion that it is unmanageable leads to people being unhappy and unsatisfied. It’s hard for people to sit back and really appreciate things when they are in constant fear that it could someday end. Lastly he considers â€Å"the revolution of satisfied expectations† as a possible explanation.He refers this to as the uneasiness that follows items that an individual once dreamed of having. Easterbrook states that during the last century western life has been categorized by ever increasing expectations, with each generation expecting to have more than the previous generation. In today’s day and age we have reached a point where people have most of what they need. What Easterbrook is trying to say with this e xplanation is that it is hard to imagine things getting any better than they already are kind of giving individuals nothing to look forward to.After reading this book I had some general issues. First off is the issue of happiness. The beginning of the book deals with objective measures over time that forms a steady increase in progress. To form the paradox the objective facts were compared to the subjective measures of happiness. Of course Easterbrook states that the surveys are not exactly perfect he claims that they â€Å"illuminating nonetheless† (Easterbrook, 2004). However I think this is questionable. The perception of happiness is not constant among individuals at one point in time, let alone over several decades.Each person could have a completely different outlook on happiness. What can be happiness for one person could be sadness or another feeling for someone else. With each person entitled to their own subjective view on what they consider to be happiness, they ar e also entitled to have a subjective perception of what others experienced in the past and what others will experience in the future. So when surveyors asked respondents if they thought their parents would better off or if their children will be better off, it’s not an objective measure but a subjective perception of the past and future.It doesn’t seem clear why we In short, it is not clear why we would assume the level of subjective satisfaction to increase with objective well-being. I feel like Easterbrook was trying to say that in the past it seemed like things were always getting better but now in the future since things are improving so quickly it doesn’t seem like we could continue to progress in the future. It is unclear why people should think that progress couldn’t continue and, therefore, have lower expectations for the future. This question is left unanswered.If you asked, most people would agree that money and material things are not the meani ng of happiness. With this, why would we expect to see a connection between an increase in progress and an increase in happiness? It isn’t clear that the claim has ever been that prosperity and progress will lead to the end of all stress and uneasiness. In the end there are two traits that correlate closely with happiness: forgiveness and gratitude. Forgive those that have done you wrong and be grateful for what you have. †¢Easterbrook, Greg. The Progress Paradox: How Life Gets Better While People Feels Worse. Random House Publishing Group, 2004. eBook.

Filipino People and Maria Anna Mae

Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Chapter 14 Rizal in London Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. †¢Lived in London May 1888 to Mar. 1889 †¢3 reasons why he stayed there: 1)To improve the his knowledge of the English Language 2)To study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas 3)London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish Tyranny †¢Filipiniana studies †¢Completing annotating Morga’s books †¢Wrote many articles in La Solidaridad †¢Penned Young Women of Malolos †¢Had romance with Gertrude Beckett Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Stay in London Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Trip across the Atlantic †¢Made friends in his atlantic voyage †¢Amazed some American and European passengers †¢Had a chat with newspaper men but became disappointed †¢Arrived on Liverpool May 24, 1888 †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Liverpool is a big and beautiful city and its celebrated port is worthy of its great fame. The entrance is magnificent and the custom house is quite good. † Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. you Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Life in London Went to London May 25, 1888 †¢Stayed as a guest at Dr. Regidor’s home †¢Became a boarder at the Beckett’s by the end of May †¢Was called â€Å"Pearl of Man† by Dr. Reinhold Rost †¢Played Cricket and Boxing with Dr. Rost’s sons. Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Good and Bad News from home â⠂¬ ¢Bad News †¢Persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the â€Å"Anti-friar Petition of 1888† †¢Persecution of Calamba tenants †¢Furious attacks on Rizal by Senator Salamanca and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and by Desenganos (Wenseslao E. Retana) and Quioquiap (Pablo Feced) in spanish newspapers †¢Rizal’s brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo was exiled in Bohol Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Good and Bad News from home †¢Good News †¢Rev. Vicente Garcias’ defended Noli against the attacks of the friars. †¢Content of the letter We young Filipinos are trying to make over a nation and must not halt in our onward march, but from time to time turn our gaze upon our elders. We shall wish to read in their contenances approval of our actions. We are anxious to learn of the Philippines’ past which we need to understand in order to plan intelligently for the future. We want to know all that our ancestors knew, and then add our own Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Annotating Morga’s books †¢Spent many days in the reading room of the British Museum reading Morga’s books and old stories of the Philippines †¢Wrote a letter to Blumentritt on Sept. 17, 1888 †¢Mariano Ponce urged him to edit a newspaper but refused Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Short visit to Paris and Spain †¢September 1888 he visited Paris for a week †¢Entertained in a gay French Metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife †¢He returned to London †¢Dec. 11, 1888 he went to Spain †¢Met Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Christmas in London †¢Rizal returned to London on Dec. 24, 1888 and spent his Christmas and new year ‘s day with the Becketts. †¢He sent a gift to Blumentritt and Dr. Carlos Czepelak †¢Received a gift from Mrs. Beckett Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Rizal becomes leader of Filipinos in Europe †¢Chosen to be honorary president †¢Wrote a letter of thanks adressed to the members of Asociacion La Solidaridad on Jan. 28, 1889 †¢Letter content †¢When defeated never surrender †¢Great deal of integrity and much good Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Rizal and the La Solidaridad paper †¢Graciano Lopez founded La Solidaridad on Feb. 15,1889 at Barcelona †¢Marcelo H. del Pilar about their newspaper †¢Rizal congratulated Lopez Jaena nd the associates and wrote articles Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal First Article in La Solidaridad †¢Los Agricultores Filipinos (The Filipino Farmers) †¢Published Mar. 25, 1889 †¢Depicted the deplorable conditions in the Philippines which cause the backwardness of the country. The Filipino farmers has to struggle not only against petty tyrants and robbers. Against the first, defense indeed was permitted; against the latter not always†¦ After the floods, locusts, fires, bad harvests, and the like the farmer capitalist has o deal with constable who takes away from Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal First Article in La Solidaridad for being suspicious persons or for no reason whatsoever, and they manacle them to clean the barracks and thus compel the capitalist to live on better terms with the chief and, if not, they take away his carabaos, oxen, inspite of many protests. At times it is not the constable or the civil guard who opposes so indirectly the minister of colonies. An official of the court or the provincial government, dissatisfied with he farmer, urgently summons this or that laborer, if not two or three. The unfortunate man underyakes a tripoftwo or three days, uneasy and distrustful, spends his savings, Report by: Isi dro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Writings in London †¢La Vision del Fray Rodriguez (The vision of Fray Rodriguez) †¢Published at Barcelona †¢Letter to the Young Women of Malolos †¢M. H. del Pilar †¢Praise the young ladies of Malolos for their courage to establish a school where they could learn spanish despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, Spanish parish priest of Malolos. 1. A Filipino mother should teach her children love of God, fatherland, and mankind 2. Filipino mother should be glad, like the Spartan mother 3. Filipino woman should know how to preserve her dignity and honor 4. Filipino woman should educate herself, aside from retaining her good racial virtues; Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Writings in London †¢Specimens of Tagalog Folklore †¢Two Eastern Fables †¢Requested by: Dr. Rost Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Romance with Gertrude Beckett †¢Gertrude Beckett †¢Buxom English girl with brown hair, blue eyes, and rosy cheeks †¢Eldest of the three sisters †¢Fell in love with Rizal †¢helped him in his painting and sculpture †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gettie† †¢Rizal finished 4 sculptures †¢Promotheus Bound †¢The Triumph of Death over Life †¢The Triumph of Science over Death †¢Composite carving of the heads of the Beckett sisters Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S. Chapter 14 Rizal in London (1888-89) SS014-Rizal Adios London †¢March 19, 1889 Report by: Isidro, Maria Anna Mae S.

Legal Aspects of Business Decisions individual 1(introduction to Essay - 1

Legal Aspects of Business Decisions individual 1(introduction to International law) - Essay Example The court concluded that Hong Kong is not a â€Å"foreign state† under the diversity statute, and, consequently, Matimak is not a â€Å"citizen or subject† of a â€Å"foreign state.† Issue(s): (1) whether Hong Kong is a â€Å"foreign state,† such that Matimak is a â€Å"citizen or subject† of a â€Å"foreign state†; (2) whether Matimak is a â€Å"citizen or subject† of the United Kingdom, by virtue of Hong Kong’s relationship with the United Kingdom when it brought suit; and (3) whether any and all non- citizens of the United States may ipso facto invoke alienage jurisdiction against a United States citizen. Reasoning: The fact that the Hong Kong Companies Ordinance may be â€Å"ultimately traceable† to the British Crown is too attenuated a connection. Matimak was incorporated under Hong Kong law, the Companies Ordinance 1984 of Hong Kong, and is entitled to the protections of Hong Kong law only. Cf. Cedec Trading Ltd. v. United Am. Coal Sales, Inc., 556 F.Supp. 722, 723-24 & n. 2 (S.D.N.Y.1983) (holding that corporations of the Channel Islands, a province which is part of the United Kingdom proper, governed by British law, and whose foreign affairs are entirely controlled by the United Kingdom, is a citizen or subject of the United Kingdom); Compare St. Germain v. West Bay Leasing, Ltd., No. 81-CV-3945, at 6 (E.D.N.Y. Sep. 30, 1982) (holding that a corporation of the Cayman Islands, whose corporate law is clearly independent from the United Kingdoms, is not a citizen or subject of the United Kingdom). Matimak is not a â€Å"citizen or subject† of a foreign state. It is th us stateless. And a stateless person—the proverbial man without a country—cannot sue a United States citizen under alienage jurisdiction. Kantor v. Wellesley Galleries, Ltd., 704 F.2d 1088, 1092 (9th Cir.1983); Sadat v. Mertes, 615 F.2d 1176, 1183 (7th

Discussion 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion 5 - Assignment Example He followed the Lebensraum policy, living room, in order to snatch lands outside Germany and let the German people expand their territory (Spielvogel,1988). In chapter seven the leaders of France and Britain met Hitler to discuss his demands of expanding Germany. They granted him control over a part of Czechoslovakia and in return Hitler pledged to leave the other parts of Czechoslovakia. Hitler broke his promise and took the rest of Czechoslovakia and invaded Poland. This caused the start of World War two. This occurred in September 1939 when German troops invaded Poland and Britain and France declared war. Adolf Hitler’s dream of building a German Empire across Central and Eastern Europe could not be established only through Lebensraum. Lebensraum could only be established by waging a war against the Soviet Union. Hitler’s racial ideology required it, hence the conclusion that World War two was Hitler’s war. Asia, Japan and China also were already at war. More than fifty million people lost their lives during the war, including Germans and also non-Germans In chapter eight Germanies continue with the war and Hitler brought Nazi to power. Hitler enforces his new rules with a secret police, the Gestapo. He formed camps which organized the murder of Gypsies, Jews and political opponents. There was also resistance in the war and the home front was preparing adequately for war (Spielvogel, 1988). In chapter nine the Holocaust took place. It refers to the extensive murders Hitler and his Nazis were accountable for. It involved the formation of squads that followed Hitler’s army to murder Jews and those who were not of German descent. Many camps were set up around Europe and several were determined to murder people. In the years 1939 and 1940, the Nazi army was responsible for the deaths of around fourteen million people which included six million European Jewish people. They

Mothers' Health Conscious Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mothers' Health Conscious - Essay Example This essay talks about the survey analyses regarding mothers food decisions for their families. 1,000 American mothers were included in the survey. Many respondents felt that major brands were not able to address their individual needs, which meant that changes in the food and beverage marketing have to be implemented so as to appeal to moms. This article by Ben Meridith was published in a website which advocates healthy living. By using distributions from a survey, it was able to support its claim that more people are awakening to the need for a healthy lifestyle. At the end of the article Meridith said, â€Å"while food corporations are not known for their healthy messages, we can hope that they will approach marketing with a refreshing honesty† which in a sense meant that there is business in providing healthy food. Hence, in total, the article was able to support the website’s advocacy – that a healthy lifestyle is the new trend. While the writer for this article was successful in supporting his claims, one cannot say whether his interpretation of the distribution was correct or not. This is because he stated only the percentage distribution and not the actual frequency distribution of the survey. Moreover, there is no way for this researcher to check on the actual questions posted to the respondents and determine whether or not questions statements might have affected responses. Aside from this, only the averages were reported and there was no way of computing other characteristics of the distribution.

Tax on unhealthy foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tax on unhealthy foods - Essay Example The government has taken a measure on this issue and has planned on the implementation of a policy towards the imposition of taxes on unhealthy foods so as to promote a healthy living for the people. But this has raised many questions as it is considered an intrusion on the liberty of the people and opponents have argued that every person has the right to choose what is right for them and imposition of taxes will actually open ways for the government to intrude on personal choices. The American Against Food Taxes is an organization which works with the aim of creating awareness amongst all the groups of the society to explain the fact that the imposition of taxes on beverages and foods is not a solution but is rather a creation of a problem for the economy and the people. It explains the fact that the beverage industry has been putting in much effort to support proper health amongst children and individuals. The steps include proper awareness and education accompanied by the labeling of the amount of calories as well as the reduction of calories in the beverages. This has been accompanied by the provision of proper dietary plans for school going children. The advertisement and marketing policy used by The American Against Food Taxes is very efficient and can be graded as A. This is because they have selected the most suitable methods of communication for convincing the readers about their point. The website caters to all the arguments provided in favor of the tax with very good counterarguments which actually tend to put the reader in thought. The advertisements by the agency explain the problems of the common man presenting the fact that such taxes would only burden the people who are already working very hard to meet their financial requirements. It then caters to the requirements of the parents by explaining to them that the implementation of proper dietary plans for children have been put into action to improve the health status of the children. They also a rgue that many programs have been initiated for children to increase their physical activities which play a more important role than the consumption. They also present the fact that the government would not utilize these taxes to assist the health but rather they would be used in other sectors. It then addresses to the issue of the working class that many people could get unemployed if the beverage industry is affected. Hence, a very effective communication method is utilized by providing support with the assistance of different advertisements and journals. The problems of all the different people of the society are also addressed to explain their point and support it with evidence. The Americans Against Food Taxes seems more of a propaganda and it maintains its primary focus on convincing the individual to believe against the taxes imposed on unhealthy foods. It does not provide with a clear picture explaining both sides of the issue but rather focuses on one point. It seems to be very pro-beverage industry focusing upon the positive steps of the beverage industry. It does not present the researches that also claim the role of these beverages in leading to diseases. As it is known that in today’s world of economic crisis, many people are facing financial setbacks. The

Depends on what culture is going to be choosed Essay

Depends on what culture is going to be choosed - Essay Example Becker (2000, par. 1) has defined astronomy as â€Å"the science which investigates all the matter-energy in the universe: its distribution, composition, physical states, movements, and evolution†. The University of Oregon (UO, n.d.) identified the origins of astronomy from the earliest written records of the Babylonians in 1600 B.C. The Greeks inherited the records from the Babylonians and used them to design cosmological framework in determining the movements of heavenly bodies. The first Greek philosopher found to have profound interest in space is Thales. One of his propositions is that â€Å"the earth is a flat disc which floats on water† (UO, n.d., par. 3). Eratosthenes used the concept of eclipses in measuring the circumference of the Earth, as shown below: Another Greek philosopher, Hipparchus â€Å"made position measurements of 1080 stars plus sun, moon, and planets which remained the best in existence until the late 1500s† (Astronomy, 2000, par. 8). Heraclides, on the other hand, developed the geocentric solar system model placing the earth in the center of the universe and designing orbits in perfect spheres. (UO, n.d.) The Greek philosopher and astronomer who was credited for the heliocentric solar system model was Aristarchus. He argued that the sun is the center of the universe and everything else revolves around it. The contributions of Ptolemy, considered the most influential â€Å"Greek astronomers and geographer of his time propounded the geocentric theory that prevailed for 1400 years† (St. Andrews, 1999, par. 1). Ptolemy â€Å"compiled a 13-volume summary of Greek astronomy, including star charts, texts on trigonometry, complete information on the Sun and moon (motion, sizes, distances), and, most significantly for later astronomy, an elaborate model for predicting the positions of the planets (using deferents and epicycles) for any time in the future†

Leadership skills and Personal Professional Development Plan Essay

Leadership skills and Personal Professional Development Plan - Essay Example Will take responsibility in decision-making roles and will apply logic to facts and precedent, such as in the role of operations manager in a manufacturing firm. Will be effective in resolving conflict among people in situations that may be addressed with logic and the ability to think with clarity Threats May not be effective when put in a role where one has to settle conflicts among subordinates, and may be seen as insensitive by followers. May not be tolerant towards others perceived as different or unpredictable, such as the role of a diplomat engaging with those of different or unfamiliar cultures. May tend to be impatient in projects that require prolonged development time and which are influenced by many uncertainties. May be ineffective in a highly emotional or subjective situations requiring empathy, such as the role of counselor or HR manager. ... At first blush, there are many things that are contained in the assessments which I took with great doubt and disagreement. But for certain items, after some thought I began to gain some glimmer of insight into my personality which I was not aware of before. For instance, I disagree with the assessment about my apparent lack of creativity and ability to respond to people and situations at a deeper and more spontaneously profound level than just on the superficial and predictable level. I know from several instances that I have shown imagination, creativity, innovativeness, and spontaneity several times, although these were not always seen from the outside. The following analysis shall be based on the results of my Leadership Traits Questionnaire Rating which is shown as Appendix B. Fourteen leadership traits are shown here, together with the average rating corresponding to the mean of the scores given to me by five raters, against which the scores from my on self-rating are compared. This exercise will show where and how I disagree with other on the way I see myself, and where our perceptions coincide. The level of agreement or disagreement will allow me to gain some insight into the leadership traits I already possess, and those which I still have to work on. There are a few traits where the way I rate myself coincided exactly with how others rated me. I gave myself a perfect score (5) for being self-assured, trustworthy, and friendly, and I gave himself a slightly lower score (4) for being determined. I was pleased to discover that the scores given by all five rates exactly matched the score I had given myself. As a matter of

Rhetorical Analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay

Rhetorical Analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail - Essay Example King, these actions by the African Americans were long overdue, and it was the best time for them to negotiate with white politicians (King 5). This article is titled Letter from Birmingham Jail; while its thesis statement is that, the black people must be allowed to demonstrate at that time because it was necessary to do so. While this thesis statement is not clearly stated, the letter addresses this issue throughout, which means that it is the main reason for writing the letter. Therefore, one has to read the entire letter in order to infer the statement. This ensures that the audience reads the entire letter with an open mind. The structure of the letter aids Dr. King in projecting his message. Paragraphs 2 to 5 are the most fundamental with regards to structure. The four paragraphs then transition to the remaining part of the letter. Paragraph 2 introduces the reader to the reasons for his imprisonment, which makes the letter broader. The letter’s purpose becomes clearer a s one reads through it, and the most important paragraph is the fifth one, where he defends the protests in Birmingham and tells off the clergymen, â€Å"But your statement, I am sorry to say, fails to express a similar concern for the conditions that brought about the demonstrations† (King 4). The rest of the letter addresses the ideas brought up in the fifth paragraph. The structure affects the reader because it builds up momentum for what Dr. King wants to say and makes it more powerful. In the letter, Dr. King has a persuasive tone as he attempts to get the reader to agree with his viewpoint. He is understanding and patient with the eight clergymen and seeks to find a common ground by bringing up points, which were raised in their opinion and arguing them out politely. The... In the letter, Dr. King uses logos as a way to back his counterargument against the clergymen up. He claims, â€Å"[they] had no alternative except to prepare for direct action†. He also seeks to prove his point through logical fallacies with appeals to authority; for instance, when he writes â€Å"Thomas Jefferson: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal†. The audience will respect a famous person being quoted, and thus, makes what he is saying sound true. Dr. King also uses ethos to show that he is moral, knowledgeable, and reasonable. The above example is when he says, â€Å"We have waited for more than 340 years for our constitutional God-given rights†. This is reasonable since he is being asked to wait, but he and other black people have already done so for 340 years. Dr. King also shows that he is moral by saying â€Å"...so we must see the need for nonviolent gadflies to create the kind of tension in a society that w ill help men rise from the dark depths of prejudice and racism to the majestic heights of understanding and brotherhood†. This shows his morality since he aims for all people to live together in peace. Finally, he also uses pathos in the letter. For example, where he states, â€Å"when you suddenly find your tongue-twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she can’t go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children†.

Does a nurse with a BSN make a difference in patient outcomes Essay

Does a nurse with a BSN make a difference in patient outcomes - Essay Example In this paper I will be answering the question of whether nurses with BSN make a positive difference in patient outcomes. Research by a different organization and scholars converges at the conclusion that competency, knowledge and application of specific skills significantly depends on educational attainment. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, nurses with BSN degrees are better placed to effectively meet the demands and expectations of the modern society. Nurses with BSN have a good training and as such develop strong critical thinking skills, leadership abilities, capacities to manage cases and promote healthcare outcomes. These nurses have a strong foundation that enables them to effectively work in both outpatient and inpatient settings without little challenge. It is for such unique and beneficial capabilities that baccalaureate prepared nurses are highly regarded and associated with promoting positive patient outcomes. It has been identified in the past few years that the level of education really makes a great difference in the way nursing is practiced. The BSN program covers content taught at both diploma and associate degree as well as providing students with a deeper understanding of the entire nursing profession. It covers research, leadership in nursing, physical sciences, social sciences and public health among many other courses. This broader coverage prepares the student nurses in a manner that allows them to understand the different issues impacting on patients and influencing healthcare provision. An inverse relationship has been demonstrated to exist between the number of BSN nurses and patient mortality when in hospitals; mortality decreases with increase in number of BSN nurses (Kimberly, 2009). Education for the nurse has also association with the safety of patients as well as quality of healthcare offered. Education provides the necessary theoretical as well as practical

Nutrition - Obesity Essay Example for Free

Nutrition Obesity Essay According to Lin, Guthrie and Frazao, childrens calorie consumptions from fast food and soft drinks increased dramatically. Weight is always a problem in our society. Now a day, we are forgetting about healthy food just to save our time and money. We have adopted fast food to reach a level of obesity. Fast foods have a biggest contribution on obesity because of easy access on food restaurant; contain less amount of nutrition, and food advertisements.. Now it seems like fast foods fat and sugar are the main problem but if we don’t take an immediate action, towards the situation, it might be a genetic problem. A fast growth of fast food restaurants are the main cause of people becoming obese. They are also being victim of diseases such as diabetes, cholesterol, heart attack, etc. People prefer taste food but don’t pay attention to the price as the result comes with huge amount of fat and sugar resulting diseases like high blood pressure, diabetes, etc. Abundance amounts of fast food restaurants are promoting peoples interests eating outside home rather than home. Today more than a third of Americans are considered as obese. Type 2 diabetes is a common sickness carried out by these fatty peoples. â€Å"Receptivity to Television Fast-Food Restaurant Marketing and Obesity among U. S. Youth† (McClure 568). We might be able to reduce or balance the amount of obesity using insulin. Fast food restaurants distribute lots of cookies and toy candies to children. Which may be a major contribution on childhood obesity? Epidemically, fast food is a major contributor to the obesity. It is also reducing their home activity such as cooking at home kitchens. Some of these food restaurants are illustrated as McDonald, Jack in the Box, KFC, Pizza Hut, etc. Price and quality always need to balance. Proper exercise is necessary to maintain our body fat and to stay healthy. According to ADA (American Diabetes Association), refined carbohydrates raise blood sugar levels too high these can spikes you’re Fast Food Bad Health Side Effects† blood sugar, damage your heart and might makes you gloomy. Even we pay full amount of money hamburger, Neupaney 2 in these restaurants, only contain 20% of meat; rest is just flour. We see some issue everyday about a milk containing fat on it at fast food restaurants. Fast food is increasing the number of kids with food allergies and asthma. Places like hospitals where they were supposed to cure disease are serving fast food in their cafeteria and adding the rate of being ill. Food with less nutrition fulfill theirs hunger faster and is increasing their eating tendency. 1,000 are the average amounts of calorie that fast food meal contains As you use it for long time, fast food can negatively affect you physically and emotionally. Because of efficient service, peoples are eating food with low crab. Grab and go are the main reason of us eating food with nutrition less foods. Schools have made significantly greater progress on sugar-sweetened beverages, comparing to lower- sugar beverages by replacing juice with sodas. â€Å"Solid Fat and Added Sugar Intake Among U. S. Children: The Role of Stores, Schools, and Fast Food† (Poti 559). According to the survey King a habit of eating Examples is burger, chicken tenders, pizza, and hot dog, etc. â€Å"Buy one chicken bacon burger, French fries, and coke; and get another chicken free; and even with a zero figure girl eating that burger. This are the kind of advertisements which encourage people buy their product. Children are easily attracted by the way advertisements are presented on television and these Ads are playing vital role in child obesity. Fast food restaurants are one of the most trending businesses in social media. Even celebrities are being a part to trend its business. For instance, Michelle Obama is promoting fast food for children. Social networking is taking negative impact in our society. Repeating food advertisements they see on those media might empty their parent’s pockets upon their influential requests. According to Nielsen Media Research Korea, in year 2004-2010, people with low income saw more fast food advertisements than those with higher income. â€Å"How Television Fast Food Marketing Aimed At Children Compares With Adult Advertisements† (Bernhardt 6). Deals and discounts are robbing people in a middle of a sunny day. Lavish fast food packaging, burger-adorned egg advertisements, pizza box branding are some evidence of this television world. It will amaze you by just looking how much money you could save by making a habit of eating outside home. In another prospective lots of people are holding job through these fast food restaurants. Food takes huge amount of our annual budget. You can eat for a week at fast food restaurant for the money which you use in a day at home. Peoples around the world are ordering food online now a day instead of cooking at home. Immigrants and refugees are addicted to these Neupaney 3 items because it’s easy to afford and can be found everywhere. Even in hospitals cafeteria fast foods are the means patients save their money. Mostly, high school students and college students are paying their tuition fee through their job at these places. Annually, 30 million unemployed peoples are earning their lives through these restaurants. Deals and discounts are also a great way to save money through these restaurants. According to my personal research, on my community, vast majority of people said, â€Å"I would rather eat outside home because I get various healthy food options in fast food restaurants for cheap price. Beings having weight loss problems are also balancing their diet supplements through this fast food. People’s weight status depends upon different components and ingredients used by restaurants. â€Å"Elsevier† Almost 20% of these Americans have succeeded in increasing weight in this past decade. We have to be careful and have to take action towards these fast food companies. We have to demand nutritional information on their food boxes, warning from government and funds program towards fast food addiction. . It’s ok for them to eat such foods once or twice per week. But if it exceed its amount, people will get obese. Even the apple and orange pie provided by McDonald and Burger Kings are unhealthful as eating cheese burger. Children affected by fast food are undocumented and are not filed. Parents need to be cautious with those problems. We owe them and have to motivate our community it pressurize them to bring healthier foods option for the same low prize they charge us for fatty foods. In different way, we could all be a victim of fast food. In future, we might grow a disease like stroke, high-blood pressure etc. In different ways, we could all be a victim of fast food. In future, we might grow a disease like stroke, high-blood pressure etc. to prevent this we have to stand up for what’s right. To prevent this we have to stand up for whats right. It’s time for us to take action and make impact in our own lives. Works Cited Bernhardt, Amy M. , et al. Bernhardt, Amy M. , et al. How Television Fast Food Marketing Aimed At Children Compares With Adult Advertisements. Plos ONE 8. 8 (2013): 1-6. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Apr. 2014. Elsevier Health Sciences. Eating Out Can Have Both Positive And Negative Impact On Obesity. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 24 Apr. 2014. Fast Food, Cause Effect Essay by Elianapa. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. Neupaney 4 Mathe, Kimberly, and Sheila Scott-Halsell. The Effects Of Perceived External Prestige On Positive Psychological States In Quick Service Restaurants. Journal Of Human Resources In Hospitality Tourism 11. 4 (2012): 354-372. Academic Search Premier. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. Morgan, Craig. â€Å"Unhealthful Fast Food Wont be an Option for My Kids. Arizona Republic. Web. 24 Apr.2014 Fast Food TIME News, Pictures, Quotes, Archive. TIME. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 26 Apr. 2014. McClure, Auden C. , et al. Receptivity To Television Fast-Food Restaurant Marketing And Obesity Among U. S. Youth. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine 45. 5 (2013): 560-568. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. Poti, Jennifer M. , Meghan M. Slining, and Barry M. Popkin. Solid Fat And Added Sugar Intake Among U. S. Children: The Role Of Stores, Schools, And Fast Food, 1994–2010. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine 45. 5 (2013): 551-559. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. V.

Primary Healthcare Web Technology Application

Primary Healthcare Web Technology Application Primary health care ABSTRACT Primary Health Care is committed to helping patients take control of their health. This system is virtual, but our physicians and their dedication is real. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our health-care providers offer advice and treatment for a variety of conditions. Patients can communicate securely and confidentially with our physicians throughout the treatment process using our messaging system. As a physician-owned company, we are committed to helping our patients receive the utmost care and medical attention. Primary Health Care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT Primary health care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. ORGANIZATION PROFILE Software Solutions is an IT solution provider for a dynamic environment where business and technology strategies converge. Their approach focuses on new ways of business combining IT innovation and adoption while also leveraging an organizations current IT assets. Their work with large global corporations and new products or services and to implement prudent business and technology strategies in todays environment. Xxxxxxxs RANGE OF EXPERTISE INCLUDES: Software Development Services Engineering Services Systems Integration Customer Relationship Management Product Development Electronic Commerce Consulting IT Outsourcing We apply technology with innovation and responsibility to achieve two broad objectives: Effectively address the business issues our customers face today. Generate new opportunities that will help them stay ahead in the future. THIS APPROACH RESTS ON: A strategy where we architect, integrate and manage technology services and solutions we call it AIM for success. A robust offshore development methodology and reduced demand on customer resources. A focus on the use of reusable frameworks to provide cost and times benefits. They combine the best people, processes and technology to achieve excellent results consistency. We offer customers the advantages of: SPEED: They understand the importance of timing, of getting there before the competition. A rich portfolio of reusable, modular frameworks helps jump-start projects. Tried and tested methodology ensures that we follow a predictable, low risk path to achieve results. Our track record is testimony to complex projects delivered within and evens before schedule. EXPERTISE: Our teams combine cutting edge technology skills with rich domain expertise. Whats equally important they share a strong customer orientation that means they actually start by listening to the customer. Theyre focused on coming up with solutions that serve customer requirements today and anticipate future needs. A FULL SERVICE PORTFOLIO: They offer customers the advantage of being able to Architect, integrate and manage technology services. This means that they can rely on one, fully accountable source instead of trying to integrate disparate multi vendor solutions. SERVICES: Xxx is providing its services to companies which are in the field of production, quality control etc with their rich expertise and experience and information technology they are in best position to provide software solutions to distinct business requirements. 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT The project is fully integrated with Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solution and developed in a manner that is easily manageable, time saving and relieving one form semi automated. Primary health care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. 1.3 PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM The existing system is a manual system. Here the User of the system needs to save his information in the form of excel sheets or Disk Drives. There is no sharing is possible if the data is in the form of paper or Disk drives. There is no online appointment facility. The manual system gives us very less security for saving data; some data may be lost due to mismanagement. There is no rich user interface. Its a limited system and fewer users friendly. There is no email facility. Searching of particular information is very critical it takes lot of time. The users cannot able to restrict the information. There is no report generation. SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS The development of the new system objective is to address the solutions for the drawbacks of existing problem domain. Using this new system the patient can register for making online appointment with doctor. For interaction between patient and doctor chatting has provided. By this facility patient would chat with doctor. The development of this new system contains the following activities, which try to automate the entire process keeping in the view of database integration approach. User Friendliness is provided in the application with various controls provided by system Rich User Interface. This system provides online appointment facility. The system makes the overall project management much easier and flexible. It can be accessed over the Intranet. It provides email facility. The user information files can be stored in centralized database which can be maintained by the system. his can give the good security for user information because data is not in client machine. Authentication is provided for this application only registered users can access. It provides search facility. There is no risk of data management at any level while the project development is under process. Report generation features is provided to generate different kind of data reports. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2.1 INTRODUCTION After analyzing the requirements of the task to be performed, the next step is to analyze the problem and understand its context. The first activity in the phase is studying the existing system and other is to understand the requirements and domain of the new system. Both the activities are equally important, but the first activity serves as a basis of giving the functional specifications and then successful design of the proposed system. Understanding the properties and requirements of a new system is more difficult and requires creative thinking and understanding of existing running system is also difficult, improper understanding of present system can lead diversion from solution. 2.2 ANALYSIS MODEL SDLC METHDOLOGIES This document play a vital role in the development of life cycle (SDLC) as it describes the complete requirement of the system. It means for use by developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process. SPIRAL MODEL was defined by Barry Boehm in his 1988 article, â€Å"A spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement. This model was not the first model to discuss iterative development, but it was the first model to explain why the iteration models. As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long. Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with a client reviewing the progress thus far. Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project. The steps for Spiral Model can be generalized as follows: The new system requirements are defined in as much details as possible. This usually involves interviewing a number of users representing all the external or internal users and other aspects of the existing system. A preliminary design is created for the new system. A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final product. A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure: Evaluating the first prototype in terms of its strengths, weakness, and risks. Defining the requirements of the second prototype. Planning an designing the second prototype. Constructing and testing the second prototype. At the customer option, the entire project can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great. Risk factors might involved development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or any other factor that could, in the customers judgment, result in a less-than-satisfactory final product. The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype, and if necessary, another prototype is developed from it according to the fourfold procedure outlined above. The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that the refined prototype represents the final product desired. The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype. The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is carried on a continuing basis to prevent large scale failures and to minimize down time. The following diagram shows how a spiral model acts like: 2.3 STUDY OF THE SYSTEM In the flexibility of the uses the interface has been developed a graphics concept in mind, associated through a browser interface. The GUIS at the top level have been categorized as Administrative user interface The operational or generic user interface The administrative user interface concentrates on the consistent information that is practically, part of the organizational activities and which needs proper authentication for the data collection. The interfaces help the administrations with all the transactional states like Data insertion, Data deletion and Data updating along with the extensive data search capabilities. The operational or generic user interface helps the users upon the system in transactions through the existing data and required services. The operational user interface also helps the ordinary users in managing their own information helps the ordinary users in managing their own information in a customized manner as per the assisted flexibilities NUMBER OF MODULES The system after careful analysis has been identified to be presented with the following modules: Administrator Managers Doctors Patients General Public Web Registration Search Reports Authentication Administrator Administrator is treated as a super user in this system. He can have all the privileges to do anything in this system. He is the person who received the Profile of a Doctor and accept/reject the registration. He is the person who receives the Complaints from the Patient and redirects to respective Doctor for response. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. He should take care of Backup of Patient, Doctor details and maintain history. He should able to add Rooms availability and Ambulance details into the site for each Hospital. Another tasks done by the administrator is he can generates reports, log files, backup, recovery of data any time. Doctors He should able to see a Patients appointment details on a particular date. Also if the Patient is already visited, able to see the previous Prescription given the Patient, Disease History, Visiting details, etc. They should be able to see the Feedback given by the Patient. They should be able to see the Complaints given by the Patient and must provide the Response for that. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. Patients They should have a facility to register to the site with their Personal data along with Health details Height, Weight, Family inherited Diseases, Blood Group, etc. Being a Patient (after registration) should able to take an Appointment of a Doctor visit. They should have a facility to give Complaints about Kiosk Manager or Doctor service. They should able to Search for a Doctor and can see the Doctors Profile for an appointment. They should able to book Rooms or make request for an Ambulance to Kiosk Manager Managers He should be able to provide an Appointment of a Doctor to a Patient on request (based on Doctors available timings). They should be able to see the Complaints given by the Patient and must provide the Response for that. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. They should have a Search facility to find a Patient or Doctor and can check their Profile or History details. He should to receive the Rooms Booking or request for an Ambulance of a particular Hospital and make arrangement/approve the same for a Patient. General Public General Public (i.e. Guest visitors) should able to access the site Home page, Registration Page, etc. common pages of the site. This user should able to see the Doctors Schedules, Contact details, Specialization details, etc. They should able to Search for a Doctor. They should able to see the Rooms available, Ambulance availability of a particular Hospital. Web Registration The system has a process of registration. Every User need to submit his complete details in the form of registration. Whenever a User registration completed automatically he/she can get a user id and password. By using that user id and password he/she can log into the system. Search: This system provides search facility to the patients. Patient can search for Doctors and their available timings for take appointments Reports Different kind of reports is generated by the system. Patients History and prescriptions Doctors list Lab reports Daily Monthly Reports, Appointment list of Patients for Kiosk Managers Authentication: Authentication is nothing but providing security to the system. Here every must enter into the system throw login page. The login page will restrict the UN authorized users. A user must provide his credential like user Id and password for log into the system. For that the system maintains data for all users. Whenever a user enters his user id and password, it checks in the database for user existence. If the user is exists he can be treated as a valid user. Otherwise the request will throw back. 2.4 System Requirement Specifications Hardware Requirements: PIV 2.8 GHz Processor and Above RAM 512MB and Above HDD 40 GB Hard Disk Space and Above Software Requirements: WINDOWS OS (XP / 2000 / 200 Server / 2003 Server) Visual Studio .Net 2008 Enterprise Edition Internet Information Server 5.0 (IIS) Visual Studio .Net Framework (Minimal for Deployment) version 3.5 SQL Server 2005 Enterprise Edition 2.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM To debug the existing system, remove procedures those cause data redundancy, make navigational sequence proper. To provide information about users on different level and also to reflect the current work status depending on organization. To build strong password mechanism. NEED FOR COMPUTERIZATION We all know the importance of computerization. The world is moving ahead at lightning speed and everyone is running short of time. One always wants to get the information and perform a task he/she/they desire(s) within a short period of time and too with amount of efficiency and accuracy. The application areas for the computerization have been selected on the basis of following factors: Minimizing the manual records kept at different locations. There will be more data integrity. Facilitating desired information display, very quickly, by retrieving information from users. Facilitating various statistical information which helps in decision-making? To reduce manual efforts in activities that involved repetitive work. Updating and deletion of such a huge amount of data will become easier. FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF THE MODEL As far as the project is developed the functionality is simple, the objective of the proposal is to strengthen the functioning of Audit Status Monitoring and make them effective and better. The entire scope has been classified into five streams knows as Coordinator Level, management Level, Auditor Level, User Level and State Web Coordinator Level. The proposed software will cover the information needs with respect to each request of the user group viz. accepting the request, providing vulnerability document report and the current status of the audit. 2.6 INPUT AND OUTPUT The major inputs and outputs and major functions of the system are follows: Inputs: Admin enter his user id and password for login Admin accept the Doctor registration. User enters his user id and password for login. Patient registers for the Appointment. New user gives his completed personnel, address and phone details for registration. Administrator giving information to generate various kinds of reports. Outputs: Admin can have his own home page. Admin get all Doctors details. Admin can view all Patients details. Users enter their own home page. Admin will get the login information of a particular user. The new users data will be stored in the centralized database. Admin get the search details of different criteria. Different kind of reports is generated by administrator. 2.7 PROCESS MODEL USED WITH JUSTIFICATION ACCESS CONTROL FOR DATA WHICH REQUIRE USER AUTHENTICAION The following commands specify access control identifiers and they are typically used to authorize and authenticate the user (command codes are shown in parentheses) USER NAME (USER) The user identification is that which is required by the server for access to its file system. This command will normally be the first command transmitted by the user after the control connections are made (some servers may require this). PASSWORD (PASS) This command must be immediately preceded by the user name command, and, for some sites, completes the users identification for access control. Since password information is quite sensitive, it is desirable in general to mask it or suppress type out. Feasibility Report Preliminary investigation examine project feasibility, the likelihood the system will be useful to the organization. The main objective of the feasibility study is to test the Technical, Operational and Economical feasibility for adding new modules and debugging old running system. All system is feasible if they are unlimited resources and infinite time. There are aspects in the feasibility study portion of the preliminary investigation: Technical Feasibility Operational Feasibility Economical Feasibility 3.1. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY The technical issue usually raised during the feasibility stage of the investigation includes the following: Does the necessary technology exist to do what is suggested? Do the proposed equipments have the technical capacity to hold the data required to use the new system? Will the proposed system provide adequate response to inquiries, regardless of the number or location of users? Can the system be upgraded if developed? Are there technical guarantees of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data security? Earlier no system existed to cater to the needs of ‘Secure Infrastructure Implementation System. The current system developed is technically feasible. It is a web based user interface for audit workflow at NIC-CSD. Thus it provides an easy access to the users. The databases purpose is to create, establish and maintain a workflow among various entities in order to facilitate all concerned users in their various capacities or roles. Permission to the users would be granted based on the roles specified. Therefore, it provides the technical guarantee of accuracy, reliability and security. The software and hard requirements for the development of this project are not many and are already available in-house at NIC or are available as free as open source. The work for the project is done with the current equipment and existing software technology. Necessary bandwidth exists for providing a fast feedback to the users irrespective of the number of users using the system. 3.2. OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned out into information system. That will meet the organizations operating requirements. Operational feasibility aspects of the project are to be taken as an important part of the project implementation. Some of the important issues raised are to test the operational feasibility of a project includes the following: Is there sufficient support for the management from the users? Will the system be used and work properly if it is being developed and implemented? Will there be any resistance from the user that will undermine the possible application benefits? This system is targeted to be in accordance with the above-mentioned issues. Beforehand, the management issues and user requirements have been taken into consideration. So there is no question of resistance from the users that can undermine the possible application benefits. The well-planned design would ensure the optimal utilization of the computer resources and would help in the improvement of performance status. 3.3. ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY A system can be developed technically and that will be used if installed must still be a good investment for the organization. In the economical feasibility, the development cost in creating the system is evaluated against the ultimate benefit derived from the new systems. Financial benefits must equal or exceed the costs. The system is economically feasible. It does not require any addition hardware or software. Since the interface for this system is developed using the existing resources and technologies available at NIC, There is nominal expenditure and economical feasibility for certain. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION The software, Site Explorer is designed for management of web sites from a remote location. INTRODUCTION Purpose: The main purpose for preparing this document is to give a general insight into the analysis and requirements of the existing system or situation and for determining the operating characteristics of the system. Scope: This Document plays a vital role in the development life cycle (SDLC) and it describes the complete requirement of the system. It is meant for use by the developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process. DEVELOPERS RESPONSIBILITIES OVERVIEW: The developer is responsible for: Developing the system, which meets the SRS and solving all the requirements of the system? Demonstrating the system and installing the system at clients location after the acceptance testing is successful. Submitting the required user manual describing the system interfaces to work on it and also the documents of the system. Conducting any user training that might be needed for using the system. Maintaining the system for a period of one year after installation. 4.1. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OUTPUT DESIGN Outputs from computer systems are required primarily to communicate the results of processing to users. They are also used to provides a permanent copy of the results for later consultation. The various types of outputs in general are: External Outputs, whose destination is outside the organization. Internal Outputs whose destination is within organization and they are the Users main interface with the computer. Operational outputs whose use is purely within the computer department. Interface outputs, which involve the user in communicating directly. OUTPUT DEFINITION The outputs should be defined in terms of the following points: Type of the output Content of the output Format of the output Location of the output Frequency of the output Volume of the output Sequence of the output It is not always desirable to print or display data as it is held on a computer. It should be decided as which form of the output is the most suitable. For Example Will decimal points need to be inserted Should leading zeros be suppressed. Output Media: In the next stage it is to be decided that which medium is the most appropriate for the output. The main considerations when deciding about the output media are: The suitability for the device to the particular application. The need for a hard copy. The response time required. The location of the users The software and hardware available. Keeping in view the above description the project is to have outputs mainly coming under the category of internal outputs. The main outputs desired according to the requirement specification are: The outputs were needed to be generated as a hot copy and as well as queries to be viewed on the screen. Keeping in view these outputs, the format for the output is taken from the outputs, which are currently being obtained after manual processing. The standard printer is to be used as output media for hard copies. INPUT DESIGN Input design is a part of overall system design. The main objective during the input design is as given below: To produce a cost-effective method of input. To achieve the highest possible level of accuracy. To ensure that the input is acceptable and understood by the user. INPUT STAGES: The main input stages can be listed as below: Data recording Data transcription Data conversion Data verification Data control Data transmission Data validation Data correction INPUT TYPES: It is necessary to determine the various types of inputs. Inputs can be categorized as follows: External inputs, which are prime inputs for the system. Internal inputs, which are user communications with the system. Operational, which are computer departments communications to the system? Interactive, which are inputs entered during a dialogue. INPUT MEDIA: At this stage choice has to be made about the input media. To conclude about the input media consideration has to be given to; Type of input Flexibility of format Speed Accuracy Verification methods Rejection rates Ease of correction Storage and handling requirements Security Easy to use Portability Keeping in view the above description of the input types and input media, it can be said that most of the inputs are of the form of internal and interactive. As Input data is to be the directly keyed in by the user, the keyboard can be considered to be the most suitable input device. ERROR AVOIDANCE At this stage care is to be taken to ensure that input data remains accurate form the stage at which it is recorded up to the stage in which the data is accepted by the system. This can be achieved only by means of careful control each time the data is handled. ERROR DETECTION Even though every effort is make to avoid the occurrence of errors, still a small proportion of errors is always likely to occur, these types of errors can be discovered by using validations to check the input data. DATA VALIDATION Procedures are designed to detect errors in data at a lower level of Primary Healthcare Web Technology Application Primary Healthcare Web Technology Application Primary health care ABSTRACT Primary Health Care is committed to helping patients take control of their health. This system is virtual, but our physicians and their dedication is real. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our health-care providers offer advice and treatment for a variety of conditions. Patients can communicate securely and confidentially with our physicians throughout the treatment process using our messaging system. As a physician-owned company, we are committed to helping our patients receive the utmost care and medical attention. Primary Health Care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT Primary health care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. ORGANIZATION PROFILE Software Solutions is an IT solution provider for a dynamic environment where business and technology strategies converge. Their approach focuses on new ways of business combining IT innovation and adoption while also leveraging an organizations current IT assets. Their work with large global corporations and new products or services and to implement prudent business and technology strategies in todays environment. Xxxxxxxs RANGE OF EXPERTISE INCLUDES: Software Development Services Engineering Services Systems Integration Customer Relationship Management Product Development Electronic Commerce Consulting IT Outsourcing We apply technology with innovation and responsibility to achieve two broad objectives: Effectively address the business issues our customers face today. Generate new opportunities that will help them stay ahead in the future. THIS APPROACH RESTS ON: A strategy where we architect, integrate and manage technology services and solutions we call it AIM for success. A robust offshore development methodology and reduced demand on customer resources. A focus on the use of reusable frameworks to provide cost and times benefits. They combine the best people, processes and technology to achieve excellent results consistency. We offer customers the advantages of: SPEED: They understand the importance of timing, of getting there before the competition. A rich portfolio of reusable, modular frameworks helps jump-start projects. Tried and tested methodology ensures that we follow a predictable, low risk path to achieve results. Our track record is testimony to complex projects delivered within and evens before schedule. EXPERTISE: Our teams combine cutting edge technology skills with rich domain expertise. Whats equally important they share a strong customer orientation that means they actually start by listening to the customer. Theyre focused on coming up with solutions that serve customer requirements today and anticipate future needs. A FULL SERVICE PORTFOLIO: They offer customers the advantage of being able to Architect, integrate and manage technology services. This means that they can rely on one, fully accountable source instead of trying to integrate disparate multi vendor solutions. SERVICES: Xxx is providing its services to companies which are in the field of production, quality control etc with their rich expertise and experience and information technology they are in best position to provide software solutions to distinct business requirements. 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT The project is fully integrated with Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solution and developed in a manner that is easily manageable, time saving and relieving one form semi automated. Primary health care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. 1.3 PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM The existing system is a manual system. Here the User of the system needs to save his information in the form of excel sheets or Disk Drives. There is no sharing is possible if the data is in the form of paper or Disk drives. There is no online appointment facility. The manual system gives us very less security for saving data; some data may be lost due to mismanagement. There is no rich user interface. Its a limited system and fewer users friendly. There is no email facility. Searching of particular information is very critical it takes lot of time. The users cannot able to restrict the information. There is no report generation. SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS The development of the new system objective is to address the solutions for the drawbacks of existing problem domain. Using this new system the patient can register for making online appointment with doctor. For interaction between patient and doctor chatting has provided. By this facility patient would chat with doctor. The development of this new system contains the following activities, which try to automate the entire process keeping in the view of database integration approach. User Friendliness is provided in the application with various controls provided by system Rich User Interface. This system provides online appointment facility. The system makes the overall project management much easier and flexible. It can be accessed over the Intranet. It provides email facility. The user information files can be stored in centralized database which can be maintained by the system. his can give the good security for user information because data is not in client machine. Authentication is provided for this application only registered users can access. It provides search facility. There is no risk of data management at any level while the project development is under process. Report generation features is provided to generate different kind of data reports. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2.1 INTRODUCTION After analyzing the requirements of the task to be performed, the next step is to analyze the problem and understand its context. The first activity in the phase is studying the existing system and other is to understand the requirements and domain of the new system. Both the activities are equally important, but the first activity serves as a basis of giving the functional specifications and then successful design of the proposed system. Understanding the properties and requirements of a new system is more difficult and requires creative thinking and understanding of existing running system is also difficult, improper understanding of present system can lead diversion from solution. 2.2 ANALYSIS MODEL SDLC METHDOLOGIES This document play a vital role in the development of life cycle (SDLC) as it describes the complete requirement of the system. It means for use by developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process. SPIRAL MODEL was defined by Barry Boehm in his 1988 article, â€Å"A spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement. This model was not the first model to discuss iterative development, but it was the first model to explain why the iteration models. As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long. Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with a client reviewing the progress thus far. Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project. The steps for Spiral Model can be generalized as follows: The new system requirements are defined in as much details as possible. This usually involves interviewing a number of users representing all the external or internal users and other aspects of the existing system. A preliminary design is created for the new system. A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final product. A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure: Evaluating the first prototype in terms of its strengths, weakness, and risks. Defining the requirements of the second prototype. Planning an designing the second prototype. Constructing and testing the second prototype. At the customer option, the entire project can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great. Risk factors might involved development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or any other factor that could, in the customers judgment, result in a less-than-satisfactory final product. The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype, and if necessary, another prototype is developed from it according to the fourfold procedure outlined above. The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that the refined prototype represents the final product desired. The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype. The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is carried on a continuing basis to prevent large scale failures and to minimize down time. The following diagram shows how a spiral model acts like: 2.3 STUDY OF THE SYSTEM In the flexibility of the uses the interface has been developed a graphics concept in mind, associated through a browser interface. The GUIS at the top level have been categorized as Administrative user interface The operational or generic user interface The administrative user interface concentrates on the consistent information that is practically, part of the organizational activities and which needs proper authentication for the data collection. The interfaces help the administrations with all the transactional states like Data insertion, Data deletion and Data updating along with the extensive data search capabilities. The operational or generic user interface helps the users upon the system in transactions through the existing data and required services. The operational user interface also helps the ordinary users in managing their own information helps the ordinary users in managing their own information in a customized manner as per the assisted flexibilities NUMBER OF MODULES The system after careful analysis has been identified to be presented with the following modules: Administrator Managers Doctors Patients General Public Web Registration Search Reports Authentication Administrator Administrator is treated as a super user in this system. He can have all the privileges to do anything in this system. He is the person who received the Profile of a Doctor and accept/reject the registration. He is the person who receives the Complaints from the Patient and redirects to respective Doctor for response. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. He should take care of Backup of Patient, Doctor details and maintain history. He should able to add Rooms availability and Ambulance details into the site for each Hospital. Another tasks done by the administrator is he can generates reports, log files, backup, recovery of data any time. Doctors He should able to see a Patients appointment details on a particular date. Also if the Patient is already visited, able to see the previous Prescription given the Patient, Disease History, Visiting details, etc. They should be able to see the Feedback given by the Patient. They should be able to see the Complaints given by the Patient and must provide the Response for that. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. Patients They should have a facility to register to the site with their Personal data along with Health details Height, Weight, Family inherited Diseases, Blood Group, etc. Being a Patient (after registration) should able to take an Appointment of a Doctor visit. They should have a facility to give Complaints about Kiosk Manager or Doctor service. They should able to Search for a Doctor and can see the Doctors Profile for an appointment. They should able to book Rooms or make request for an Ambulance to Kiosk Manager Managers He should be able to provide an Appointment of a Doctor to a Patient on request (based on Doctors available timings). They should be able to see the Complaints given by the Patient and must provide the Response for that. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. They should have a Search facility to find a Patient or Doctor and can check their Profile or History details. He should to receive the Rooms Booking or request for an Ambulance of a particular Hospital and make arrangement/approve the same for a Patient. General Public General Public (i.e. Guest visitors) should able to access the site Home page, Registration Page, etc. common pages of the site. This user should able to see the Doctors Schedules, Contact details, Specialization details, etc. They should able to Search for a Doctor. They should able to see the Rooms available, Ambulance availability of a particular Hospital. Web Registration The system has a process of registration. Every User need to submit his complete details in the form of registration. Whenever a User registration completed automatically he/she can get a user id and password. By using that user id and password he/she can log into the system. Search: This system provides search facility to the patients. Patient can search for Doctors and their available timings for take appointments Reports Different kind of reports is generated by the system. Patients History and prescriptions Doctors list Lab reports Daily Monthly Reports, Appointment list of Patients for Kiosk Managers Authentication: Authentication is nothing but providing security to the system. Here every must enter into the system throw login page. The login page will restrict the UN authorized users. A user must provide his credential like user Id and password for log into the system. For that the system maintains data for all users. Whenever a user enters his user id and password, it checks in the database for user existence. If the user is exists he can be treated as a valid user. Otherwise the request will throw back. 2.4 System Requirement Specifications Hardware Requirements: PIV 2.8 GHz Processor and Above RAM 512MB and Above HDD 40 GB Hard Disk Space and Above Software Requirements: WINDOWS OS (XP / 2000 / 200 Server / 2003 Server) Visual Studio .Net 2008 Enterprise Edition Internet Information Server 5.0 (IIS) Visual Studio .Net Framework (Minimal for Deployment) version 3.5 SQL Server 2005 Enterprise Edition 2.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM To debug the existing system, remove procedures those cause data redundancy, make navigational sequence proper. To provide information about users on different level and also to reflect the current work status depending on organization. To build strong password mechanism. NEED FOR COMPUTERIZATION We all know the importance of computerization. The world is moving ahead at lightning speed and everyone is running short of time. One always wants to get the information and perform a task he/she/they desire(s) within a short period of time and too with amount of efficiency and accuracy. The application areas for the computerization have been selected on the basis of following factors: Minimizing the manual records kept at different locations. There will be more data integrity. Facilitating desired information display, very quickly, by retrieving information from users. Facilitating various statistical information which helps in decision-making? To reduce manual efforts in activities that involved repetitive work. Updating and deletion of such a huge amount of data will become easier. FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF THE MODEL As far as the project is developed the functionality is simple, the objective of the proposal is to strengthen the functioning of Audit Status Monitoring and make them effective and better. The entire scope has been classified into five streams knows as Coordinator Level, management Level, Auditor Level, User Level and State Web Coordinator Level. The proposed software will cover the information needs with respect to each request of the user group viz. accepting the request, providing vulnerability document report and the current status of the audit. 2.6 INPUT AND OUTPUT The major inputs and outputs and major functions of the system are follows: Inputs: Admin enter his user id and password for login Admin accept the Doctor registration. User enters his user id and password for login. Patient registers for the Appointment. New user gives his completed personnel, address and phone details for registration. Administrator giving information to generate various kinds of reports. Outputs: Admin can have his own home page. Admin get all Doctors details. Admin can view all Patients details. Users enter their own home page. Admin will get the login information of a particular user. The new users data will be stored in the centralized database. Admin get the search details of different criteria. Different kind of reports is generated by administrator. 2.7 PROCESS MODEL USED WITH JUSTIFICATION ACCESS CONTROL FOR DATA WHICH REQUIRE USER AUTHENTICAION The following commands specify access control identifiers and they are typically used to authorize and authenticate the user (command codes are shown in parentheses) USER NAME (USER) The user identification is that which is required by the server for access to its file system. This command will normally be the first command transmitted by the user after the control connections are made (some servers may require this). PASSWORD (PASS) This command must be immediately preceded by the user name command, and, for some sites, completes the users identification for access control. Since password information is quite sensitive, it is desirable in general to mask it or suppress type out. Feasibility Report Preliminary investigation examine project feasibility, the likelihood the system will be useful to the organization. The main objective of the feasibility study is to test the Technical, Operational and Economical feasibility for adding new modules and debugging old running system. All system is feasible if they are unlimited resources and infinite time. There are aspects in the feasibility study portion of the preliminary investigation: Technical Feasibility Operational Feasibility Economical Feasibility 3.1. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY The technical issue usually raised during the feasibility stage of the investigation includes the following: Does the necessary technology exist to do what is suggested? Do the proposed equipments have the technical capacity to hold the data required to use the new system? Will the proposed system provide adequate response to inquiries, regardless of the number or location of users? Can the system be upgraded if developed? Are there technical guarantees of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data security? Earlier no system existed to cater to the needs of ‘Secure Infrastructure Implementation System. The current system developed is technically feasible. It is a web based user interface for audit workflow at NIC-CSD. Thus it provides an easy access to the users. The databases purpose is to create, establish and maintain a workflow among various entities in order to facilitate all concerned users in their various capacities or roles. Permission to the users would be granted based on the roles specified. Therefore, it provides the technical guarantee of accuracy, reliability and security. The software and hard requirements for the development of this project are not many and are already available in-house at NIC or are available as free as open source. The work for the project is done with the current equipment and existing software technology. Necessary bandwidth exists for providing a fast feedback to the users irrespective of the number of users using the system. 3.2. OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned out into information system. That will meet the organizations operating requirements. Operational feasibility aspects of the project are to be taken as an important part of the project implementation. Some of the important issues raised are to test the operational feasibility of a project includes the following: Is there sufficient support for the management from the users? Will the system be used and work properly if it is being developed and implemented? Will there be any resistance from the user that will undermine the possible application benefits? This system is targeted to be in accordance with the above-mentioned issues. Beforehand, the management issues and user requirements have been taken into consideration. So there is no question of resistance from the users that can undermine the possible application benefits. The well-planned design would ensure the optimal utilization of the computer resources and would help in the improvement of performance status. 3.3. ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY A system can be developed technically and that will be used if installed must still be a good investment for the organization. In the economical feasibility, the development cost in creating the system is evaluated against the ultimate benefit derived from the new systems. Financial benefits must equal or exceed the costs. The system is economically feasible. It does not require any addition hardware or software. Since the interface for this system is developed using the existing resources and technologies available at NIC, There is nominal expenditure and economical feasibility for certain. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION The software, Site Explorer is designed for management of web sites from a remote location. INTRODUCTION Purpose: The main purpose for preparing this document is to give a general insight into the analysis and requirements of the existing system or situation and for determining the operating characteristics of the system. Scope: This Document plays a vital role in the development life cycle (SDLC) and it describes the complete requirement of the system. It is meant for use by the developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process. DEVELOPERS RESPONSIBILITIES OVERVIEW: The developer is responsible for: Developing the system, which meets the SRS and solving all the requirements of the system? Demonstrating the system and installing the system at clients location after the acceptance testing is successful. Submitting the required user manual describing the system interfaces to work on it and also the documents of the system. Conducting any user training that might be needed for using the system. Maintaining the system for a period of one year after installation. 4.1. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OUTPUT DESIGN Outputs from computer systems are required primarily to communicate the results of processing to users. They are also used to provides a permanent copy of the results for later consultation. The various types of outputs in general are: External Outputs, whose destination is outside the organization. Internal Outputs whose destination is within organization and they are the Users main interface with the computer. Operational outputs whose use is purely within the computer department. Interface outputs, which involve the user in communicating directly. OUTPUT DEFINITION The outputs should be defined in terms of the following points: Type of the output Content of the output Format of the output Location of the output Frequency of the output Volume of the output Sequence of the output It is not always desirable to print or display data as it is held on a computer. It should be decided as which form of the output is the most suitable. For Example Will decimal points need to be inserted Should leading zeros be suppressed. Output Media: In the next stage it is to be decided that which medium is the most appropriate for the output. The main considerations when deciding about the output media are: The suitability for the device to the particular application. The need for a hard copy. The response time required. The location of the users The software and hardware available. Keeping in view the above description the project is to have outputs mainly coming under the category of internal outputs. The main outputs desired according to the requirement specification are: The outputs were needed to be generated as a hot copy and as well as queries to be viewed on the screen. Keeping in view these outputs, the format for the output is taken from the outputs, which are currently being obtained after manual processing. The standard printer is to be used as output media for hard copies. INPUT DESIGN Input design is a part of overall system design. The main objective during the input design is as given below: To produce a cost-effective method of input. To achieve the highest possible level of accuracy. To ensure that the input is acceptable and understood by the user. INPUT STAGES: The main input stages can be listed as below: Data recording Data transcription Data conversion Data verification Data control Data transmission Data validation Data correction INPUT TYPES: It is necessary to determine the various types of inputs. Inputs can be categorized as follows: External inputs, which are prime inputs for the system. Internal inputs, which are user communications with the system. Operational, which are computer departments communications to the system? Interactive, which are inputs entered during a dialogue. INPUT MEDIA: At this stage choice has to be made about the input media. To conclude about the input media consideration has to be given to; Type of input Flexibility of format Speed Accuracy Verification methods Rejection rates Ease of correction Storage and handling requirements Security Easy to use Portability Keeping in view the above description of the input types and input media, it can be said that most of the inputs are of the form of internal and interactive. As Input data is to be the directly keyed in by the user, the keyboard can be considered to be the most suitable input device. ERROR AVOIDANCE At this stage care is to be taken to ensure that input data remains accurate form the stage at which it is recorded up to the stage in which the data is accepted by the system. This can be achieved only by means of careful control each time the data is handled. ERROR DETECTION Even though every effort is make to avoid the occurrence of errors, still a small proportion of errors is always likely to occur, these types of errors can be discovered by using validations to check the input data. DATA VALIDATION Procedures are designed to detect errors in data at a lower level of